Judgments

Citation:

Felipa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration), 2010 FC 89, [2011] 1 F.C.R. 365

IMM-1086-09

IMM-1086-09

2010 FC 89

Luis Alberto Felipa (Applicant)

v.

The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (Respondent)

Indexed as: Felipa v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration)

Federal Court, Lutfy C.J.—Ottawa and Toronto, September 23, 24 and by video conference October 28, 2009; Ottawa, January 26, 2010.

Constitutional Law — Distribution of Powers — Preliminary motion challenging jurisdiction of deputy judge over age 75 to hear, determine two related applications for judicial review under Immigration and Refugee Protection Act — Whether Federal Court superior court within meaning of Constitution Act, 1867, s. 99(2) — Reading Constitution Act, 1867, ss. 96–100 in historical context strongly indicating sections not intended to apply to any court constituted by Parliament in exercise of jurisdiction pursuant to Constitution Act, 1867, s. 101 — Words “notwithstanding anything in this Act” in s. 101 giving Parliament plenary legislative authority in relation to establishment, maintenance, organization of federal courts — This authority limited by words “for the better administration of the Laws of Canada”, principles of judicial independence but not by Constitution Act, 1867, s. 99 — Presumption against legislative redundancy supporting view that s. 101 courts not “superior courts” within meaning of s. 99 — Exchequer Court exercising supervisory jurisdiction from its beginnings — Parliamentarians understanding Exchequer Court superior court created under Constitution Act, 1867, s. 101, not governed by Constitution Act, 1867, s. 99 — This conclusion equally applicable to Federal Court of Canada, Federal Court — Federal Courts Act, s. 10(1.1) (providing for deputy judges) not offending doctrine of separation of powers — Motion dismissed.

Judges and Courts — Preliminary motion challenging jurisdiction of deputy judge over age 75 to hear, determine two related applications for judicial review under Immigration and Refugee Protection Act — Whether Federal Courts Act, s. 8(2) precluding person over age 75 from acting as deputy judge of Federal Court — Deputy Judge not judge of Federal Court within meaning of Federal Courts Act, s. 8(2), not holding office as Federal Court judge — Deputy judges excluded from definition of “judge” in Judges Act — Power under Federal Courts Act, s. 10(1.1) to ask retired superior court judge to act as deputy judge thus not constrained by mandatory retirement age set out in Federal Courts Act, s. 8(2).

Construction of Statutes — Preliminary motion challenging jurisdiction of deputy judge over age 75 to hear, determine two related applications for judicial review under Immigration and Refugee Protection Act — Statutory interpretation of Federal Courts Act, ss. 8, 10 supporting conclusion retired superior court judge over age 75 may act as deputy judge — Amendments to French version of Federal Courts Act, s. 8(2) not changing meaning, application of the law — English version remaining substantially unchanged since inception — Review of legislative history of Federal Courts Act, s. 8(2) not showing revisions to French intended to alter state of the law as expressed by Parliament for over 50 years — Same rationale applying to language differences in Act, s. 10(1.1).

This was a preliminary motion challenging the jurisdiction of a deputy judge over the age of 75 to hear and determine two related applications for judicial review under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The two related applications challenged two decisions refusing the relief the applicant sought for humanitarian and compassionate consideration and for pre-removal risk assessment.

The two principal questions in this motion were whether the Federal Court is a superior court within the meaning of subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 and whether subsection 8(2) of the Federal Courts Act precludes a person over 75 years of age from acting as a deputy judge of the Federal Court.

Held, the motion should be dismissed.

(1) While the Constitution Act, 1867 is “a living tree capable of growth and expansion within its natural limits”, it is rooted in the past and in the framer’s intent. When sections 96 to 100 of the Constitution Act, 1867 are read in the historical context of 1867, there is a strong indication that they were not intended to apply to any court constituted by Parliament in the exercise of its jurisdiction pursuant to section 101.

The words “notwithstanding anything in this Act” in section 101 of the Constitution Act, 1867 are clear and unambiguous and are not limited by reference to other sections thereof. These words were intended to give Parliament plenary legislative authority in relation to the establishment, maintenance and organization of federal courts. This broad power is limited by the words “for the better administration of the Laws of Canada” and the principles of judicial independence but not by section 99 of the Constitution Act, 1867.

The presumption against legislative redundancy also supports the view that section 101 courts are not “superior courts” within the meaning of section 99. Section 99, and no other legislation, provides for the removal and the mandatory retirement of provincial superior court judges. Provisions concerning the removal and age requirements for judges of the federal courts were enacted by Parliament in separate legislation. Moreover, the debates and legislative history surrounding the age of retirement of judges of the Exchequer Court and the Federal Court of Canada in 1927 and 1970, as well as the debates during the introduction of mandatory retirement at 75 for provincial superior courts in 1960, provide further support for the conclusion that section 99 does not apply to federal courts established under section 101 of the Constitution Act, 1867.

The Exchequer Court was always a court with original and supervisory jurisdiction. From its first days, its jurisdiction was consistent with its characterization as a superior court and it exercised supervisory jurisdiction. Another important indicator is that its decisions were final. If the Court exceeded its jurisdiction, the only recourse available to a party was to seek appellate review, one of the hallmarks of a superior court. Parliamentarians understood the Exchequer Court to be a superior court, created under section 101 of the Constitution Act, 1867 and not affected by section 99 thereof. It was their view that the mandatory retirement age for judges of section 101 courts, and in particular the Exchequer Court, could be imposed and subsequently changed without regard to section 99 and without the necessity of a constitutional amendment. In 1970, when Parliament enacted the Federal Court Act to continue the Exchequer Court as the Federal Court of Canada, section 3 thereof stated that the Federal Court of Canada would continue to be a superior court of record. This provision had the effect of continuing the superior court status of the Exchequer Court as the Federal Court of Canada. Therefore, the conclusion that the Exchequer Court was not governed by section 99 of the Constitution Act, 1867 is equally applicable to the Federal Court of Canada and to the Federal Court.

(2) Subsection 8(2) of the Federal Courts Act does not preclude a person over 75 years of age from acting as a deputy judge of the Federal Court. This conclusion was based on the legislative history of deputy judges in the Exchequer and Federal Courts and the eligibility requirement for deputy judges. A deputy judge is not a judge of the Federal Court within the meaning of subsection 8(2) and does not “hold office” as a judge of the Federal Court. Therefore, they cannot cease to hold an office to which they have not been appointed. The eligibility requirement for a deputy judge of the Federal Court is set out in subsection 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act and it envisages two categories of deputy judges: current and former judges. The latter category was at issue in this case. Deputy judges are excluded from the definition of “judge” in the Judges Act. There is no legislative definition of deputy judge. Subsection 10(1.1) does not define a deputy judge as a Federal Court judge. It further provides that while so acting, a deputy judge has all the powers of a judge of the Federal Court; however, it does not create another office of judge. The deputy judge does not hold the office of a Federal Court judge within the meaning of section 5.1 or section 8 of the Federal Courts Act. In summary, the power to ask a retired superior court judge to act as a deputy judge is not constrained by the mandatory retirement age set out in subsection 8(2) of the Federal Courts Act.

The statutory interpretation of sections 8 and 10 of the Federal Courts Act also supports the conclusion that a retired superior court judge over age 75 may act as a deputy judge. The amendments to the French version of subsection 8(2) made as part of the 1985 statute revision process cannot be taken to change the meaning or application of the law. The English version of subsection 8(2), which mirrors subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 has remained substantially unchanged since its inception. A review of the legislative history of subsection 8(2) of the Federal Courts Act did not show that the 1985 revision of the French version thereof was intended to alter the state of the law as expressed by Parliament for over 50 years. The same rationale applied to the language differences in subsection 10(1.1). Parliament therefore did not intend to change the meaning of the law when the wording of the French-language versions of subsection 8(2) and 10(1.1) was amended.

Finally, subsection 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act does not offend the doctrine of the separation of powers. The Chief Justice is not appointing a judge to the Federal Court but rather is asking a current or former judge to act as a Federal Court judge pursuant to a general authorization by the executive branch of governance. This mechanism is constrained by the requirement that only a Canadian superior, county or district court judge or person who has held such office is eligible and by the fact that the request may only be made with the Governor in Council’s approval.

STATUTES AND REGULATIONS CITED

Admiralty Act, 1891 (The), S.C. 1891, c. 29, ss. 3, 14.

An Act respecting the Governor General, the Civil List, and the Salaries of certain Public Functionaries, S.C. 1868, c. 33.

An Act respecting the Official Arbitrators, S.C. 1879, c. 8, s. 2.

An Act to amend the Copyright Act, S.C. 1890, c. 12, s. 1.

An Act to amend the Exchequer Court Act, S.C. 1920, c. 26, s. 2.

An Act to amend the Exchequer Court Act, S.C. 1926-27, c. 30, ss. 1, 5, 8, 9.

An Act to amend the Exchequer Court Act (Exclusive jurisdiction), S.C. 1932-33, c. 13, s. 1.

An Act to amend the Judges Act, the Federal Court Act and the Tax Court of Canada Act, S.C. 1987, c. 21, s. 7.

An Act to amend the Patent Act, S.C. 1890, c. 13, s. 1.

An Act to amend “The Supreme and Exchequer Courts Act,” and to make better provision for the Trial of Claims against the Crown, S.C. 1887, c. 16, ss. 3, 4.

An Act to amend the Trade Mark and Design Act, S.C. 1890, c. 14, ss. 2, 3.

An Act to make further provision in regard to the Supreme Court, and the Exchequer Court, of Canada, S.C. 1876, c. 26, s. 18.

Anti-dumping Act, S.C. 1968-69, c. 10, s. 30(2).

Bill C-172, An act respecting the Federal Court of Canada, 3rd Sess., 28th Parl., 1970.

Broadcasting Act, S.C. 1967-68, c. 25, s. 26(3).

Canada Act 1982, 1982, c. 11 (U.K.) [R.S.C., 1985, Appendix II, No. 44].

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, being Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B, Canada Act 1982, 1982, c. 11 (U.K.) [R.S.C., 1985, Appendix II, No. 44], s. 15.

Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act, 1890, 53-54 Vict., c. 27 (U.K.).

Constitution Act, 1867, 30 & 31 Vict., c. 3 (U.K.) (as am. by Canada Act 1982, 1982, c. 11 (U.K.), Schedule to the Constitution Act, 1982, Item 1) [R.S.C., 1985, Appendix II, No. 5], ss. 92(14), 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 129.

Customs Amendment Act, 1888, (The), S.C. 1888, c. 14, s. 2.

Estate Tax Act, S.C. 1958, c. 29, s. 24.

Exchequer Court Act, R.S.C. 1927, c. 34, ss. 5, 8, 9.

Exchequer Court Act, R.S.C. 1952, c. 98, ss. 5, 8, 9.

Expropriation Act (The), S.C. 1889, c. 13, s. 21.

Federal Court Act, R.S.C. 1970 (2nd Supp.), c. 10, s. 8(2).

Federal Court Act, S.C. 1970-71-72, c. 1, ss. 2 “judge”, 3, 8, 10(1).

Federal Courts Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. F-7, ss. 1 (as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 14), 5.1 (as enacted idem, s. 16), 5.2 (as enacted idem), 5.3 (as enacted idem), 7 (as am. idem, s. 17; 2006, c. 11, s. 22(E)), 8 (as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 18), 10 (as am. idem, s. 19), 15 (as am. idem, s. 23), 27 (as am. idem, s. 34), 57 (as am. idem, s. 54).

Federal Courts Immigration and Refugee Protection Rules, SOR/93-22 (as am. by SOR/2005-339, s. 1), r. 22 (as am. by SOR/2002-232, s. 11).

Federal Courts Rules, SOR/98-106, rr. 1 (as am. by SOR/2004-283, s. 2), 400(3)(o).

Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, S.C. 2001, c. 27, ss. 72 (as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 194), 73, 74.

Income War Tax Act, 1917 (The), S.C. 1917, c. 28, ss. 17, 18.

Interpretation Act, S.C. 1967-68, c. 7, ss. 28(36) “superior court”, 35.

Judges Act, R.S.C. 1906, c. 138, s. 4.

Judges Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. J-1, ss. 2 “judge” (as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 82(E)), 5.1 (as am. idem, s. 16).

Judges Act, 1946 (The), S.C. 1946, c. 56, s. 2(c) “superior court”.

Legislation Revision and Consolidation Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. S-20, ss. 1 (as am. by S.C. 2000, c. 5, s. 60), 6(e),(f), 30 (as enacted idem, s. 71), 31(2) (as enacted idem).

Maritime Jurisdiction Act, 1877 (The), S.C. 1877, c. 21.

National Energy Board Act, S.C. 1959, c. 46, s. 19(1),(2),(3).

Northern Inland Waters Act, S.C. 1969-70, c. 66, s. 21(3).

Order in Council P.C. 2003-1779.

Patent Act of 1872 (The), S.C. 1872, c. 26, s. 29.

Petition of Right Act, 1876 (The), S.C. 1876, c. 27, s. 4.

Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985 Act, R.S.C., 1985 (3rd Supp.), c. 40, ss. 4, 12, 13, 14, 15.

Supreme and Exchequer Court Act (The), S.C. 1875, c. 11, ss. 2, 5, 6, 58, 59.

Supreme Court Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. S-26, ss. 3 (as am. by S.C. 1993, c. 34, s. 115(F)), 53.

Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1873, 36 & 37 Vict., c. 66, ss. 3, 4 (U.K.).

CASES CITED

not followed:

Addy v. The Queen, [1985] 2 F.C. 452, (1985), 22 D.L.R. (4th) 52, 8 C.C.E.L. 13 (T.D.).

considered:

Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd. (Re), [1998] 1 S.C.R. 27, (1998), 36 O.R. (3d) 418, 154 D.L.R. (4th) 193; Edwards, Henrietta Muir v. Attorney-General for Canada, [1930] A.C. 124 (P.C.); Reference re Prov. Electoral Boundaries (Sask.), [1991] 2 S.C.R. 158, (1991), 81 D.L.R. (4th) 16, [1991] 5 W.W.R. 1; Attorney-General for Ontario and Others v. Attorney-General for Canada and Others and Attorney-General for Quebec, [1947] A.C. 127 (P.C.); Tsartlip Indian Band v. Pacific Salmon Foundation, [1990] 1 F.C. 609, (1989) 30 F.T.R. 247 (T.D.); Re MacDonald, [1930] 2 D.L.R. 177, [1930] 1 W.W.R. 242, 38 Man. L.R. 446 (Man C.A.); Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Hernandez, [1975] 1 S.C.R. 228, (1973), 41 D.L.R. (3d) 549, 14 C.C.C. (2d) 209; R. v. Blais, 2003 SCC 44, [2003] 2 S.C.R. 236, 230 D.L.R. (4th) 22, [2004] 11 W.W.R. 199; International Minerals and Chemical Corpn. v. Potash Co. of America et al., [1965] S.C.R. 3, (1964), 47 D.L.R. (2d) 324, 43 C.P.R. 157; Valente v. The Queen, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 673, (1985), 24 D.L.R. (4th) 161, 23 C.C.C. (3d) 193; Reference re Remuneration of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island; Reference re Independence and Impartiality of Judges of the Provincial Court of Prince Edward Island; R. v. Campbell; R. v. Ekmecic; R. v. Wickman; Manitoba Provincial Judges Assn. v. Manitoba (Minister of Justice), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 3, (1997), 206 A.R. 1, 156 Nfld. & P.E.I.R. 1.

referred to:

The Woron, [1927] A.C. 906 (P.C.); Nanaimo Community Hotel Ltd. v. Board of Referees appointed under The Excess Profits Tax Act (1944-45), 61 B.C.R. 354, [1945] 3 D.L.R. 225, [1945] 2 W.W.R. 145 (C.A.); James Richardson & Sons Limited v. Minister of National Revenue (1981), 6 Man. R. (2d) 132, 117 D.L.R. (3d) 557, [1981] 2 W.W.R. 357 (Q.B.); R. v. Reddick (1996), 112 C.C.C. (3d) 491 (C.M.A.C.); Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London v. Cox (1867) 2 L.R. (H.L.) 239; Lees v. The Queen, [1974] 1 F.C. 605, (1974), 46 D.L.R. (3d) 603 (T.D.); Three Rivers Boatman Limited. v. Conseil Canadien des Relations Ouvrières et al., [1969] S.C.R. 607, (1969), 12 D.L.R. (3d) 710; Continental Oil Co. v. Commissioner of Patents, [1934] Ex. C.R. 244, [1935] 1 D.L.R. 581; Gamache, Herman E. v. D.R. Jones et al., [1967] 1 Ex. C.R. 308; The Queen v. Bank of Nova Scotia (1885), 11 S.C.R. 1; Hodge v. Béique et al. (1908), 33 Que. S.C. 90; Canadian Broadcasting Corporation et al. v. Quebec Police Commission, [1979] 2 S.C.R. 618, (1979), 101 D.L.R. (3d) 24, 48 C.C.C. (2d) 289; Sarvanis v. Canada, 2002 SCC 28, [2002] 1 S.C.R. 921, 210 D.L.R. (4th) 263, 284 N.R. 263; Flota Cubana de Pesca (Cuban Fishing Fleet) v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1998] 2 F.C. 303, (1997), 154 D.L.R. (4th) 577, 41 Imm. L.R. (2d) 175 (C.A.); Beothuk Data Systems Ltd., Seawatch Division v. Dean, [1998] 1 F.C. 433, (1997), 218 N.R. 321 (C.A.); Goodswimmer v. Canada (Attorney General), [1995] 2 F.C. 389, (1995), 123 D.L.R. (4th) 93, [1995] 3 C.N.L.R. 72 (C.A.); League for Human Rights of B’nai Brith Canada v. Canada, 2009 FC 647, [2010] 3 F.C.R. 39, 197 C.R.R. (2d) 267, 349 F.T.R. 35; Charkaoui (Re), 2004 FCA 421, [2005] 2 F.C.R. 299, 247 D.L.R. (4th) 405, 126 C.R.R. (2d) 298; Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Tobiass, [1997] 3 S.C.R. 391, (1997), 151 D.L.R. (4th) 119, 1 Admin. L.R. (3d) 1.

AUTHORS CITED

Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th ed. St. Paul, Minn.: West Pub. Co., 1979, “court of record”.

Bushnell, Ian. The Federal Court of Canada: A History, 1875-1992. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.

Canada. House of Commons. Standing Committee of Justice and Legal Affairs. Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence, Issue No. 31 (May 26, 1970).

de Smith, S. A. Judicial Review of Administrative Action, 2nd ed. London: Stevens & Sons Ltd., 1968.

Halsbury’s laws of England, 3rd. ed., Vol. 9, London: Butterworths, 1954.

House of Commons Debates, Vol. III, 4th Sess., 13th Parl. (May 10, 1920), at pages 2200–2203.

House of Commons Debates, Vol. I, 1st Sess., 16th Parl. (March 10, 1927), at pages 1080–1081 (Hon. Lapointe).

House of Commons Debates, Vol. V, 3rd Sess., 24th Parl. (June 14, 1960), at pages 4884–4936.

House of Commons Debates, Vol. VII, 3rd Sess., 24th Parl. (July 29, 1960), at pages 7193–7208.

House of Commons Debates, Vol. V, 2nd Sess., 27th Parl. (December 19, 1967), at page 5635.

House of Commons Debates, Vol. V, 2nd Sess., 28th Parl. (March 25, 1970), at page 5474 (Hon. John Turner).

House of Commons Debates, Vol. IV, 2nd Sess., 33rd Parl. (March 27, 1987), at page 4643.

Jobin, Jean-François. L’article 96 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 et les organismes inférieurs d’appel. Cowansville, Quebec: Yvon Blais, 1984.

Lewis, Clive. Judicial Remedies in Public Law, 4th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2009.

Senate Debates, 3rd Sess., 24th Parl. (June 21, 1960), at pages 834–839.

Stone, Arthur J. “Canada’s Admiralty Court in the Twentieth Century” (2002), 47 McGill L.J. 511, online: <http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/documents/47.3.Stone.pdf>.

Strauss, Marina. “Understaffed Federal Court forced to use retired judge”, The Globe and Mail, August 30, 1982, at p. A5.

Sullivan, R. Sullivan on the Construction of Statutes, 5th ed. Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Canada, 2008.

MOTION challenging the jurisdiction of a Federal Court deputy judge over the age of 75 to hear and determine two related applications for judicial review under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Motion dismissed.

APPEARANCES

Rocco Galati for applicant.

Gina M. Scarcella and Jamie R. D. Todd for respondent.

SOLICITORS OF RECORD

Galati, Rodrigues & Associates, Toronto, for applicant.

Deputy Attorney General of Canada for respondent.

The following are the reasons for order and order rendered in English by

[1] Lutfy C.J.: The core issue in this proceeding is whether a person who is beyond 75 years of age can act as a deputy judge of the Federal Court.

[2] This issue presents two principal questions:

a. Is the Federal Court a superior court within the meaning of subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 [30 & 31 Vict., c. 3 (U.K.) (as am. by Canada Act 1982, 1982, c. 11 (U.K.), Schedule to the Constitution Act, 1982, Item 1) [R.S.C., 1985, Appendix II, No. 5]]?

b. Does subsection 8(2) [as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 18] of the Federal Courts Act [R.S.C., 1985, c. F-7, s. 1 (as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 14)] preclude a person over 75 years of age from acting as a deputy judge of the Federal Court?

[3] Both questions raise similar issues of statutory interpretation. However, because the first question affects a constitutional provision and the other an enactment of Parliament, it is preferable that each be addressed separately.

Procedural background

[4] On August 16, 2009, the applicant requested the adjournment of the hearing of this application for judicial review, then scheduled for Tuesday, August 18, 2009, on the ground that the presiding judge, a deputy judge older than 75 years of age, “has no jurisdiction, and is no longer vested, as a (Superior) Court Justice, either under s. 96, or s. 101 of the Constitution Act, 1867 and has no authority to preside pursuant to either the Federal Court (sic) Act or the Judges Act”.

[5] On August 18, 2009, after receiving oral submissions from both parties, the hearing was adjourned to a date to be fixed by the office of the Judicial Administrator.

[6] On August 19, 2009, the hearing was rescheduled for Wednesday, September 30, 2009. It was further ordered that any preliminary motion challenging the jurisdiction of a deputy judge, over the age of 75, to hear and determine these proceedings should be filed no later than August 31, 2009. Contrary to the Court’s usual practice, a deputy judge over 75 years of age was identified in the scheduling order as the presiding judge to provide a factual basis for any jurisdictional challenge.

[7] The applicant asserted his challenge, the parties filed their respective motion materials and a notice of constitutional question was served and filed in accordance with section 57 [as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 54] of the Federal Courts Act. The hearing concerning the applicant’s motion was set for September 23–24, 2009, and was completed by supplementary submissions, requested by the Court, on October 28, 2009.

[8] The deputy judge assigned to this proceeding served as a judge of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec until his 75th birthday, at which time he ceased to hold office.

[9] When the applicant filed his contestation, several other judges were acting from time to time as deputy judges. Some were named after holding office as Federal Court judges. Three were named after serving as judges for the Superior Court of Quebec. Each deputy judge was over 75 with the exception of one who had chosen early retirement from the Federal Court.

[10] The Chief Justice of the Federal Court requested the deputy judges, each of whom had held office as a judge of a superior court in Canada, to act as a judge of the Federal Court, pursuant to subsection 10(1.1) [as am. idem, s. 19] of the Federal Courts Act and the corresponding Order in Council, P.C. 2003-1779, dated November 6, 2003.[1]

[11] I will now turn to the first of the two principal questions to be considered.

Does the mandatory age of retirement of 75 years in subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 apply to deputy judges of the Federal Court?

[12] The judicature provisions are found in sections 96 through 101 under Part VII of the Constitution Act, 1867 entitled “Judicature”.[2] These sections delineate the jurisdiction of Parliament in relation to the judicature of Canada. The legislative authority of the provincial legislatures is set out in subsection 92(14) and section 129. The legislative authority over the establishment, maintenance and organization of provincial courts, superior or otherwise, was given to the provincial legislatures by subsection 92(14) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Section 129 of the Constitution Act, 1867 continued all courts in existence in the provinces subject only to their being abolished by the authorized legislative authority.

[13] Four of the six judicature provisions, sections 96, 99, 100 and 101, are of particular interest to this proceeding.

[14] Section 96 assigns the power to appoint “Judges of the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province” (emphasis added) to the Governor General. It is common ground that this provision, as well as sections 97 and 98, does not apply to the Federal Court or any other court established pursuant to section 101.

[15] Subsection 99(1) governs the removal from office of judges of superior courts and subsection 99(2) states that a judge shall cease to hold office upon attaining the age of 75 years.

[16] Unlike section 96 which makes reference to “the Judges of the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province”, the wording of subsections 99(1) and (2) is limited to “the Judges of the Superior Courts” and “a Judge of a Superior Court” respectively. Each of sections 96 through 98 refers to one or more of the provincial courts in existence at the time of Confederation.

[17] Section 100 provides that the compensation of judges of the “Superior, District, and County Courts … and of the Admiralty Courts” shall be fixed and provided for by Parliament. Its application is not explicitly limited by the words “in each Province”.

[18] For the first 30 years of the existence of section 101 courts, the salary of their judges was fixed in legislation separate and distinct from that setting the salary of judges of the provincial superior courts.[3] From 1906, Parliament set the salary of all superior court judges under “An Act respecting the Judges of Dominion and Provincial Courts”, commonly referred to as the Judges Act.[4] This is an indication, it seems to me, that Parliament was exercising its obligation to determine the salaries of “dominion” judges under section 101 and “provincial” judges under section 100 and eventually chose to do so in the same legislative enactment.

[19] The exceptional reference to Admiralty Courts in section 100 reflects that, in 1867, the colonial governments, and subsequently Parliament, compensated the judges of the imperially constituted and staffed vice-admiralty courts.[5]

[20] I therefore disagree with the applicant’s assertion that section 100 squarely applies to section 101 courts. His reliance on the words “Admiralty Courts” is virtually a concession that otherwise the Exchequer Court would not have fallen within the application of section 100. The admiralty courts of 1867 were neither federal nor provincial courts and in any event they were abolished in 1891 by the coming into force of section 17 of the imperial Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act, 1890.

[21] Finally, section 101, a judicature provision distinct from the others, gives the Parliament of Canada, notwithstanding anything in the Constitution Act, 1867, the power to establish a general court of appeal for Canada and any additional courts for the better administration of the laws of Canada.

[22] The essence of the applicant’s argument concerning the judicature provisions is that the absence of the qualifying words “in each [p]rovince” renders section 99 applicable to all “[s]uperior [c]ourts”, including any established pursuant to section 101. I disagree.

[23] It is now a clear rule of statutory interpretation that “the words of an Act are to be read in their entire context and in their grammatical and ordinary sense harmoniously with the scheme of the Act, the object of the Act, and the intention of Parliament”: Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd. (Re), [1998] 1 S.C.R. 27, at paragraph 21.

[24] I accept the applicant’s submission that the Constitution is “a living tree capable of growth and expansion within its natural limits” and should be interpreted accordingly: Edwards, Henrietta Muir v. Attorney-General for Canada, [1930] A.C. 124 (P.C.), at page 136.

[25] The living tree doctrine has “its natural limits”. This was noted by the Supreme Court of Canada in Reference re Prov. Electoral Boundaries (Sask.), [1991] 2 S.C.R. 158, at page 180:

The doctrine of the constitution as a living tree mandates that narrow technical approaches are to be eschewed .... It also suggests that the past plays a critical but non-exclusive role in determining the content of the rights and freedoms granted by the Charter. The tree is rooted in past and present institutions, but must be capable of growth to meet the future.

[26] Whether the Federal Court is a superior court within the meaning of subsection 99(2) is not a determination to be made in a vacuum. While the Constitution remains flexible and is capable of growth, it is rooted in the past and in the framer’s intent. I now turn to the historical background of the judicature provisions.

[27] In 1867, the only courts in Canada referred to as superior courts were the provincial superior courts. Because of their historic links to the high courts in England, each provincial superior court was viewed as a senior court within its jurisdiction. Sections 96 to 100, in the words of the respondent’s memorandum, “articulate a number of specific rules in respect of certain courts of original jurisdiction that were the successors of the original king’s justice of the central courts of England that were in existence at the time of confederation”.

[28] Indeed, I expect that the words “superior courts”, in the contemporary legal parlance of Canada’s early history, referred exclusively to the provincial superior courts, at least until 1946 when Parliament included the Supreme Court of Canada and the Exchequer Court in the legislative definition of superior courts.[6] While I do not decide the issue on this point, the expectation I have expressed is based on my review of the extensive documentation made available to me.

[29] When sections 96 to 100 are read in the historical context of 1867, keeping in mind the legislative intent of the framers, there is a strong indication that they were not intended to apply to any court constituted by Parliament in the exercise of its jurisdiction pursuant to section 101.

[30] This interpretation is further supported by: (a) the language of “notwithstanding” used in section 101 of the Constitution Act, 1867; (b) the presumption against redundancy in legislative interpretation; and (c) the parliamentary debates introducing a mandatory age of retirement in 1927 for judges of section 101 courts and in 1960 for provincial superior courts. I will also review (d) the status and jurisdiction of the Exchequer Court.

(a) “[N]otwithstanding anything in this Act”: section 101 of the Constitution Act, 1867

[31] The words “notwithstanding anything in this Act” are clear and unambiguous and are not limited by reference to other sections of the Constitution Act, 1867. Thus, when Parliament creates additional courts for the better administration of the laws of Canada, it is not constrained by any section of the Constitution Act, 1867, including subsection 92(14), sections 96 to 100 and 129. The framers intended to give Parliament the power to create a general court of appeal and additional courts as long as the purpose of the additional courts was “the better Administration of the laws of Canada”.

[32] This conclusion is consistent with the broad interpretation given to section 101 by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Attorney-General for Ontario and Others v. Attorney-General for Canada and Others and Attorney-General for Quebec, [1947] A.C. 127, at page 153. The Privy Council concluded that Parliament had the authority to establish a final court of appellate review for Canada despite subsection 92(14) and section 129 of the Constitution Act, 1867:

... s. 101 confers a legislative power on the Dominion Parliament which by its terms overrides any power conferred by s. 92 on the provinces or preserved by s. 129. “Notwithstanding anything in this Act” are words in s. 101 which cannot be ignored. They vest in the Dominion a plenary authority to legislate in regard to appellate jurisdiction, which is qualified only by that which lies outside the Act, namely, the sovereign power of the Imperial Parliament. [Emphasis added.]

[33] Canadian courts have also given section 101 a broad interpretation.[7]

[34] The words “notwithstanding anything in this Act” were intended to give Parliament plenary legislative authority in relation to the establishment, maintenance and organization of federal courts. This broad power is limited by the words “for the better administration of the Laws of Canada” and the principles of judicial independence but not by section 99.

(b)  The presumption against legislative redundancy

[35] The presumption against legislative redundancy also supports the view that section 101 courts are not “[s]uperior [c]ourts” within the meaning of section 99.

[36] Section 99 of the Constitution Act, 1867, and no other legislation, provides for the removal and the mandatory retirement of provincial superior court judges. A different situation was created for section 101 judges. Provisions concerning the removal and age requirements for judges of the federal courts were enacted by Parliament in separate legislation.

[37] As early as 1875, in the legislation creating the Supreme Court of Canada and the Exchequer Court of Canada, Parliament provided that the judges of the two new courts “shall hold their offices during good behaviour, but the Governor General may remove any such Judge or Judges upon the address of the Senate the House of Commons.”[8] This statutory language concerning the removal of judges is virtually identical to what was then section 99, and since 1960, subsection 99(1) of the Constitution Act, 1867.

[38] The 1887 amendments which established the Exchequer Court as separate from the Supreme Court, maintained the same provision concerning the removal of its judges.[9] The provision is still in force today in the Federal Courts Act.[10]

[39] Provincial judicature legislation, unlike the Federal Courts Act and its predecessors, has no provision which mirrors the good behaviour or age requirements in subsections 99(1) and (2) respectively of the Constitution Act, 1867. The provincial laws are silent on these issues concerning judges who are members of provincial superior courts.

[40] Parliament’s “re-enactment” in 1875 of the substance of section 99 of the Constitution Act, 1867 is an early indication that section 101 courts were not subject to section 99.

[41] The legislative enactments of Parliament are presumed not to be redundant internally or as amongst other legislative enactments.[11] The repetition of the provisions governing removal and, after 1960, the retirement of Supreme Court, Exchequer Court and now Federal Court judges would be unnecessary given the express language of section 99 of the Constitution Act, 1867.

[42] Those who argue that section 101 courts are included under section 99 must explain, it seems to me, this legislative redundancy. They also have to explain Parliament’s introduction of a mandatory age of retirement for section 101 judges without a constitutional amendment, an issue I will now consider.

(c)  Parliamentary debates and statutory history concerning the mandatory age of retirement for judges of section 101 courts and provincial superior courts

[43] The debates and legislative history surrounding the age of retirement of judges of the Exchequer Court and the Federal Court of Canada in 1927 and 1970, as well as the debates during the introduction of mandatory retirement at 75 for provincial superior courts in 1960, provide further support for the conclusion that section 99 does not apply to federal courts established under section 101 of the Constitution Act, 1867.

[44] These historical debates will be addressed in the following paragraphs in chronological order, starting with the debates that revolve around the age of retirement of Exchequer Court judges and concluding with the continuation of that Court as the Federal Court of Canada.

[45] In 1867, there was no mandatory age of retirement for provincial superior court judges. They were appointed for life subject to the good behaviour provision in section 99.

[46] In 1875, upon the creation of the Supreme Court of Canada and the Exchequer Court, the judges of those section 101 courts were also appointed for life in accordance with the provisions in their enabling legislation.[12]

[47] In 1927, Parliament unilaterally imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75 for the judges of the then existing section 101 courts, the Supreme Court and the Exchequer Court.[13] The change was made without constitutional amendment; this demonstrates that the parliamentarians of the day did not consider that section 99 applied to section 101 judges.

[48] During the parliamentary debate leading to the enactment of a mandatory age of retirement of 75, the Honourable Ernest Lapointe, then Minister of Justice, acknowledged that Parliament could impose a mandatory retirement age only for section 101 judges. A constitutional amendment would be required to introduce a mandatory age of retirement for provincial superior court judges who had a right to sit for life:

I am afraid that we could not meet the wishes of my hon. friend unless we asked for an amendment to the British North America Act. We have the right so far as the Supreme court and the Exchequer court are concerned because of the provisions of section 101....

The Supreme Court of Canada and the Exchequer Court of Canada have been created and constituted in virtue of section 101 of the British North American Act, which especially states that notwithstanding anything in the act, notwithstanding section 99 or any other section, parliament had the right, when creating the Supreme court, to state that the tenure of the judges should be a life one or only until a certain age. They did not make such an enactment then, but we have the right to do it now.... I am afraid we have no jurisdiction to extend it to other courts than the federal courts ....

We have no right to deal with judges of the superior courts to the extent of restricting their tenure of office, but there is no such provision applicable to the county court judges, who have not been considered as members of the superior or high courts.

…

… section 99 prevents us from dealing with the tenure of office of superior court or high court judges.

…

Fortunately we have not the same obstacle to meet as far as our federal courts are concerned …[14] [Emphasis added.]

Mr. Lapointe’s statements are further confirmation of Parliament’s view that section 99 was not applicable to federal courts. A similar view is expressed some 30 years later.

[49] In 1960, the government of the day tabled a proposed address to the United Kingdom Parliament seeking an amendment of section 99 of the Constitution Act, 1867 to include a mandatory retirement age of 75 years for judges of the superior, district, and county courts.[15] This recognition that a constitutional amendment was required, almost one century after the tenure of those judges had been secured for life and 30 years after Parliament, on its own, reduced the mandatory age for judges of the Supreme Court and Exchequer Court, is further consistent demonstration that section 99 was viewed as having no application to courts created under section 101.

[50] Both the government and the opposition agreed that Parliament had the jurisdiction to limit the tenure of section 101 courts and the provincial district and county courts. One of the principal concerns raised by the opposition in the debates was that the inclusion of district and county courts in subsection 99(2) would remove Parliament’s power to legislate regarding the tenure of judges of these courts absent a further constitutional amendment. A similar concern was raised in the Senate. In the end, the reference to county and district court judges was deleted from the proposed joint address. This explains why subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 refers only to judges of superior courts.

[51] The 1960 debates, like those in 1927, also support the conclusion that section 101 courts, at that time the Exchequer Court and the Supreme Court of Canada, were not intended to be subject to the tenure provisions in subsection 99(1) or (2).[16]

[52] In 1970, the new Federal Court Act provided that the judges of the Federal Court of Canada would cease to hold office upon attaining the reduced age of 70 years, five years earlier than the retirement age legislated in 1927.[17] Again, Parliament would not have done so without a constitutional amendment if it thought that subsection 99(2) applied to that “[s]uperior” court.

[53] While discussing the proposed reduction of the age of retirement from 75 years to 70 years for judges of the new Federal Court of Canada, the Right Honourable John Turner, then Minister of Justice, stated:

This change in the law can be made without any constitutional amendment since we are not dealing here with judges who were appointed pursuant to section 96 of the British North America Act.[18]

[54] This legislative history is further evidence that subsection 99(2) is not applicable to section 101 courts.

(d)           The status and jurisdiction of the Exchequer Court: a court with original and supervisory jurisdiction

[55] The applicant submitted in oral argument that the Exchequer Court was always an inferior court of record and never a superior court. In his view, the legislative and statutory history concerning the Exchequer Court, found in the debates of 1927 and 1960, is irrelevant because Parliament would not have considered it necessary to question whether an inferior court fell within the meaning of section 99. I disagree.

[56] In 1875, Parliament established the Supreme Court of Canada and the Exchequer Court as courts of record.[19] The Supreme Court today is still legislatively referred to as a court of record.[20]

[57] A court of record is one “that is required to keep a record of its proceedings, and that may fine or imprison. Such record imports verity and cannot be collaterally impeached.”[21] A court of record may be a superior court or an inferior court.[22]

[58] Both parties agree that a superior court is one which has supervisory jurisdiction over lower courts and other inferior tribunals.

[59] A superior court also has plenary jurisdiction to determine any matter arising out of its original jurisdiction and is subject only to appellate review. It is not subject to the writs of other superior courts.[23]

[60] In Re MacDonald, [1930] 2 D.L.R. 177, at page 181, Justice Fullerton of the Manitoba Court of Appeal cited the following definition of a superior court from 15 Corpus Juris Secundum, at page 721:

A superior court is a court with controlling authority over some other court or courts, and with certain original jurisdiction of its own. Inferior courts are those which are subordinate to other courts or which are of a very limited jurisdiction.

[61] The fundamental characteristics of a superior court identified in Re MacDonald were endorsed by the Supreme Court of Canada in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Hernandez, [1975] 1 S.C.R. 228. After his contextual analysis of the status of the Federal Court, which “shall continue to be a superior court of record”, Justice Pigeon stated [at page 233]:

… it appears to me that the Federal Court is a “superior court” in the sense of a court having supervisory jurisdiction. This is a meaning often used, as appears from the numerous authorities reviewed in Re MacDonald and it is significant that such jurisdiction is conferred by the act. [Footnote omitted.]

[62] In Puerto Rico, Justice Pigeon recognized the statutory nature of both the Federal Court and the Exchequer Court. He noted that the status of a court as a superior court does not necessarily alter the jurisdiction of the court. A distinction is drawn in his reasoning between provincial “superior courts” of inherent jurisdiction and a federal statutory superior court such as the Exchequer or Federal Court. He does not conclude that the Exchequer Court was not a superior court but finds that it was not a superior court “within the same meaning of that expression as applied to the superior courts of the provinces, that is courts having jurisdiction in over all cases not excluded from their authority”.[24]

[63] The Exchequer Court’s jurisdiction from its first days is consistent with its characterization as a superior court.

[64] In 1875, section 58 of the legislation creating the Exchequer Court gave it concurrent original jurisdiction in “any matter which might in England be the subject of a suit or action in the Court of Exchequer on its revenue side against the Crown.”[25] In 1875, the Court of Exchequer in England was a high court.[26]

[65] According to section 59, the Exchequer Court had concurrent jurisdiction over “all other suits of a civil nature at common law or equity, in which the Crown in the interest of the Dominion of Canada is plaintiff or petitioner.”[27] This jurisdiction was unlimited by geography or quantum and was subject only to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.

[66] From 1887 through 1890, the Exchequer Court’s jurisdiction was expanded through amendments to a number of federal acts including, the Patent Act,[28] the Copyright Act,[29] the Trade Mark and Design Act,[30] the Petition of Right Act,[31] the Expropriation Act[32] and the Customs Act.[33]

[67] In 1890, the imperial Parliament passed legislation enabling Canada to create its own Colonial Court of Admiralty whose jurisdiction shall:

2. …

(2) … be … as the Admiralty jurisdiction of the High Court in England … in like manner and to as full an extent as the High Court in England …[34]

[68] The imperial legislation also enacted that the Canadian legislature could:

3. …

(a) declare any court of unlimited civil jurisdiction, whether original or appellate, in that possession to be a Colonial Court of Admiralty …

(b) confer upon any inferior or subordinate court in that possession such partial or limited Admiralty jurisdiction …[35]

[69] Shortly thereafter, pursuant to the imperial legislation, the Canadian parliament passed The Admiralty Act, 1891 and constituted the Exchequer Court as a Colonial Court of Admiralty. Section 3 provided:

3. … the Exchequer Court of Canada is and shall be, within Canada, a Colonial Court of Admiralty, and as a Court of Admiralty shall, within Canada, have and exercise all the jurisdiction, powers and authorities conferred by the said Act [The Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act], and by this Act.[36] [Emphasis added.]

[70] The establishment of the Exchequer Court as a Colonial Court of Admiralty, exercising all of the powers and jurisdiction of the High Court in England on its admiralty side, is further support that the Exchequer Court was a superior court with civil jurisdiction and not an “inferior or subordinate court” as referred to in subsection 3(b) of the imperial legislation. Moreover, the Admiralty Act made provision for the appointment of “local” and “surrogate” judges whose decisions and orders were subject to appellate review by the judges of the Exchequer Court.[37]

[71] Although the Exchequer Court was primarily a trial court, from time to time it was granted supervisory jurisdiction over federal boards or tribunals. This jurisdiction was exceptional since as a general rule, supervisory power over federal boards was exercised by the provincial superior courts.[38]

[72] However, from its earliest days, the Exchequer Court exercised supervisory jurisdiction. As early as 1890, the Exchequer Court had the power to issue a writ of scire facias in patent related matters.[39] It also had jurisdiction to entertain applications for mandamus.[40]

[73] In 1933, the Exchequer Court was given exclusive jurisdiction over prerogative remedies affecting military personnel serving overseas.[41]

[74] In 1959, Parliament gave the Exchequer Court exclusive jurisdiction to grant prerogative writs in relation to any order or finding of the National Energy Board:[42]

19. (1) Except as provided in this Act, every decision or order of the Board is final and conclusive.

(2) The Exchequer Court of Canada has exclusive original jurisdiction to hear and determine every application for a writ of certiorari, prohibition or mandamus or for an injunction in relation to any decision or order of the Board or any proceedings before the Board.

(3) A decision or order of the Board is not subject to review or to be restrained, removed or set aside by certiorari, prohibition, mandamus or injunction or any other process or proceeding in the Exchequer Court on the ground

(a) that a question of law or fact was erroneously decided by the Board; or

(b) that the Board had no jurisdiction to entertain the proceedings in which the decision or order was made or to make the decision or order.

[75] Subsequent legislation granted the Exchequer Court exclusive, if limited, supervisory jurisdiction over other federal boards or tribunals.[43]

[76] From early in its history, the Exchequer Court also exercised a limited appellate jurisdiction.[44]

[77] Another important indicator is that the decisions of the Exchequer Court of Canada were final. If the Court exceeded its jurisdiction, the only recourse available to a party was to seek appellate review. This is one of the hallmarks of a superior court.[45]

[78] By 1907, at least two decisions of senior courts concluded that the Exchequer Court was not subject to the supervisory jurisdiction of the provincial superior courts and, by implication at least, was not an inferior tribunal.[46]

[79] The Exchequer Court also had the jurisdiction to punish contempt committed not in the face of the court, a power reserved to superior courts.[47]

[80] The conclusion that the Exchequer Court was, in fact, a superior court, is supported by its inclusion in the definition of “superior court” in the 1946 Judges Act and later in the Interpretation Act.[48] While this is not conclusive, it indicates that Parliament intended to establish a superior court in the federal domain when it created the Exchequer Court.

[81] The applicant had a final argument in the event he failed to persuade me that the Federal Court of Canada, created in 1971, came within the ambit of the superior courts envisaged in subsection 99(2).

[82] His submission is based on the United Kingdom Canada Act 1982[49] which re-enacted all of Canada’s previous constitutional provisions, including subsection 99(2). This occurred some 11 years after the creation of the Federal Court of Canada as a section 101 superior court of record.

[83] As I understand the applicant’s argument, the legislators in 1982 would have known the Federal Court was a superior court. Also, in his view, the words “Superior Court” in subsection 99(2) encompassed all Canadian superior courts. Because the legislators re-enacted subsection 99(2) without an amendment excluding the Federal Court from its application, they must have intended to include that Court within the meaning of a superior court in subsection 99(2). The applicant relies on the living tree doctrine and the many constitutional decisions supporting that rule of statutory interpretation.

[84] The applicant presented no legislative history from Canada or the United Kingdom to support his thesis.

[85] Quite simply, the interpretation he brings to the Canada Act 1982 is beyond “the natural limits” of the living tree doctrine and must be rejected. As noted by the Supreme Court of Canada in R. v. Blais, 2003 SCC 44, [2003] 2 S.C.R. 236, at paragraph 40, “this Court is not free to invent new obligations foreign to the original purpose of the provision at issue. The analysis must be anchored in the historical context of the provision.”

[86] On the basis of the foregoing analysis, I have drawn the following conclusions.

[87] The Exchequer Court was a superior court of record throughout its history. I base this conclusion on its historical antecedents, its jurisdiction and on the jurisprudence. It had the essential characteristics of a superior court but was one which was separate and distinct from the provincial superior courts. In 1965, in an obiter comment, the Supreme Court of Canada expressed the same view: “The Exchequer Court is a superior court of record”.[50] The applicant’s assertion that the Exchequer Court was an inferior court of record is wrong.

[88] The applicant’s argument that the legislative history of 1927, 1960 and 1970 is irrelevant must also fail. Parliamentarians understood the Exchequer Court to be a superior court, created under section 101 of the Constitution Act, 1867 and not affected by section 99. It was their view that the mandatory retirement age for judges of section 101 courts, and in particular the Exchequer Court, could be imposed and subsequently changed without regard to section 99 and without the necessity of a constitutional amendment. This legislative history cannot be ignored, as the applicant suggests, on the grounds that the Exchequer Court was an inferior court. Again, the applicant’s position is wrong.

[89] Indeed, the legislative history is persuasive. I find that parliamentarians were correct in stating that section 99 had no application to courts established under section 101 and, for the purposes of this case, no application to the Exchequer Court. Their statements and their legislative enactments on the basis that section 101 courts were not subject to section 99 were justified.

[90] In 1970, Parliament enacted legislation to continue the Exchequer Court as the Federal Court of Canada. Section 3 of the legislation stated that the Federal Court of Canada “shall continue to be a superior court of record”.[51] The effect of this provision, in my view, was to continue the superior court status of the Exchequer Court as the Federal Court of Canada. In 2003, similar legislative language was used continuing the status of the Trial Division of the Federal Court of Canada as the Federal Court.

[91] Accordingly, my conclusion that the Exchequer Court was not governed by section 99 of the Constitution Act, 1867 is equally applicable to the Federal Court of Canada and to the Federal Court. I answer the first of the two principal questions raised in this motion as follows: the Federal Court is not a superior court within the meaning of subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867.

[92] My conclusion, of course, is in conflict with the one drawn by Deputy Judge Campbell Grant in Addy v. The Queen, [1985] 2 F.C. 452 (T.D.) [Addy], where he concluded [at page 462] that the tenure of judges of the Federal Court of Canada was protected by section 99:

Subsection 99(1) which provides for the tenure of judges of the superior courts is general. It applies generically to all superior court judges no matter whether the judge has been appointed a superior court judge of a province or to a superior court created under s. 101.

He also held that a mandatory age of retirement of 70 for judges of the Federal Court of Canada offended section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms [being Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, Schedule B, Canada Act 1982, 1982, c. 11 (U.K.) [R.S.C., 1985, Appendix II, No. 44]]. The motion before me did not lend itself to the consideration of this Charter issue.

[93] The decision in Addy does not explain how Parliament could have enacted mandatory age limits for the Supreme Court and Exchequer Court in 1927, with no constitutional amendment, if section 99 were applicable to those courts or their judges.

[94] In addition, the decision in Addy discloses no information that Deputy Judge Grant was made aware of the legislative debates in 1927, 1960 and 1970 concerning section 99. He does not explain his conclusion that section 99 applied to section 101 courts in the context of the contrary view held by successive governments and parliaments over some five decades. Nor is it clear that he addressed the legislative redundancy between section 9 of the Exchequer Court Act or section 8 of the Federal Court Act which repeated for the judges of those courts substantially the same language as in section 99.

[95] Also, Deputy Judge Grant issued his reasons prior to the decision in Valente v. The Queen, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 673, where Justice Le Dain distinguished between judges of the superior courts, county court judges and judges of the federally established courts concerning judicial independence and security of tenure [at page 695]:

There are, of course, a variety of ways in which the essentials of security of tenure may be provided by constitutional or legislative provision. As I have indicated, superior court judges in Canada enjoy what is generally regarded as the highest degree of security of tenure in the constitutional guarantee of s. 99 of the Constitution Act, 1867 that they shall hold office during good behaviour until the age of seventy-five, subject to removal by the Governor General on address of the Senate and House of Commons. The judges of this Court, the Federal Court of Canada and the Tax Court of Canada also enjoy, under their respective governing statutes, a tenure during good behaviour until a specified age of retirement, subject to removal only on address of the Senate and House of Commons. [Emphasis added.]

[96] Deputy Judge Grant’s decision appears to have been motivated, in part, by his concern for the judicial independence of section 101 judges. That concern, whatever its justification in 1985, has today, in the words of the respondent’s memorandum:

… been substantially alleviated by the expansive articulation of the scope of constitutional protection to all courts in Provincial Courts Judges (No. 1) and subsequent cases such as Ell v. Alberta.

…

From the viewpoint of constitutional protections for judicial independence, it is no longer necessary to advocate an interpretation that would stretch the scope of ss. 96 to 100 beyond its natural boundaries. [Footnotes omitted.]

I agree with the respondent’s submissions.

[97] In 1985, the jurisprudence on the independence of the judiciary and the subsequent extension of those guarantees to courts, other than section 96 courts was in its infancy. Given the evolution of the law concerning the guarantees of judicial independence,[52] it is no longer necessary to look to sections 96 to 100 as the sole source for ensuring the independence of courts that would otherwise not fall within the purview of sections 96 and 100 of the Constitution Act, 1867. The courts have held that the preamble of the Constitution Act, 1867 protects the judicial independence of all courts be they superior or inferior.[53]

[98] In short, I am respectfully of the view that Deputy Judge Grant was in error when he concluded that the application of section 99 extended to the Federal Court of Canada. His conclusion is simply inconsistent with the persuasive legislative history, including the introduction of mandatory age limits without recourse to constitutional amendment.

[99] I will now turn to the second principal question raised in this motion.

Does subsection 8(2) of the Federal Courts Act preclude a person over 75 years of age from acting as a deputy judge of the Federal Court?

[100] Subsection 8(2) of the Federal Courts Act provides that:

	8. (1) …
Cessation of office	(2) A judge of the Federal Court of Appeal or the Federal Court ceases to hold office on becoming 75 years old.

[101] The applicant argues that subsection 8(2) is applicable to deputy judges. In his view, a deputy judge is a judge of the Federal Court within the meaning of subsection 8(2) and cannot act as a deputy judge beyond 75 years of age. I disagree: a person who acts as a deputy judge does not “hold office” as a judge of the Federal Court.

[102] Indeed, even if I were wrong in my earlier analysis of Addy and in my conclusion that the Federal Court is not a superior court within the meaning of subsection 99(2), that constitutional provision, in my view, would not prevent a Chief Justice from asking a former judge, over 75, to act as a deputy judge. Simply put, deputy judges do not hold office as judges of the Federal Court and cannot, therefore, cease to hold an office to which they have not been appointed.

[103] This conclusion is based on: (a) the legislative history of deputy judges in the Exchequer and Federal Courts; (b) the eligibility requirement for deputy judges; and (c) the statutory interpretation of sections 8 and 10 [as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 19] of the Federal Courts Act.

[104] The power to appoint a judge for a temporary purpose can be traced as far back as 1887 when the Exchequer Court was composed of one judge. Parliament provided for the appointment of another person on a temporary basis where the sole judge of the Exchequer Court was unable to act because of sickness, absence from Canada or having an interest in any case before the court.[54]

[105] In 1920, the office of puisne judge was added to the composition of the Exchequer Court. This is the first time that the term “deputy judge” was used to describe the person appointed in the case of the sickness, absence from Canada, inability to act of a judge of the Exchequer Court or, at the request of its President, for any other purpose deemed sufficient.[55]

[106] The eligibility requirement to be a judge or a deputy judge of the Exchequer Court was the same. The person had to be a judge of a superior or county court of any of the provinces of Canada or a barrister or advocate of at least ten years standing at the bar of any of the provinces.

[107] In 1968, members of the bar could no longer be asked to act as deputy judges. A deputy judge of the Exchequer Court was required to be a judge of a superior or county court in Canada or any person who has held office as a judge of a superior court or county court in Canada.

[108] The parliamentary debates, as early as 1920 and subsequently in 1967, contemplated “congestion of business” as a reason to use a deputy judge.[56]

[109] The current version of subsection 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act is substantially the same as the provision adopted when the Federal Court of Canada was created in 1970. During the clause by clause examination of Bill C-172 [An Act respecting the Federal Court of Canada], the following words were added to the subsection: “while so acting has all the powers of a judge of the Court”.

[110] Today, none of the provincial superior courts in Canada has the legislative authority to request persons to act as deputy judges in the manner envisaged by subsection 10(1.1).

[111] The eligibility requirement for a deputy judge of the Federal Court is set out in subsection 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act, which is reproduced here for ease of reference:

10. (1) …

Deputy judges of the Federal Court

(1.1) Subject to subsection (3), any judge of a superior, county or district court in Canada, and any person who has held office as a judge of a superior, county or district court in Canada, may, at the request of the Chief Justice of the Federal Court made with the approval of the Governor in Council, act as a judge of the Federal Court, and while so acting has all the powers of a judge of that court and shall be referred to as a deputy judge of that court.

[112] The executive plays no role in the chief justice’s decision to request that a specific eligible person act as a deputy judge. The approval of the Governor in Council is granted by way of a generic order in council authorizing the chief justice to seek the assistance of up to 15 deputy judges. Order in Council P.C. 2003-1779 of November 6, 2003, states that the Governor in Council “approves that the Chief Justice of the Federal Court make requests to any judge of a superior, county or district court in Canada and any person who has held office as such a judge to act as a deputy judge of the Federal Court”.[57]

[113] The remuneration of a deputy judge is determined in accordance with subsection 10(4) of the Federal Courts Act. Judicial notice can be taken that the amount is generally in the range of $400 per diem.

[114] The use of deputy judges in the Exchequer Court, although authorized in 1920, did not occur until 1942 and was sporadic until the creation of the Federal Court of Canada in 1971.[58]

[115] Deputy judges have been requested to participate in the work of the Federal Court for over three decades. Many of these deputy judges acted after reaching the mandatory age of retirement for judges.[59] According to Quicklaw, some 20 deputy judges, acting when they were over 75 years of age, participated in over 1 500 reported decisions of the Federal Court of Canada prior to December 31, 1999.[60] No deputy judges acted over the next four years. Since 2004, some seven deputy judges, acting when they were older than 75, have presided over approximately 450 cases in the Federal Court, most of which were decided between 2005 and 2009. This anecdotal history is informative, yet not determinative of the legal issues in this motion.

[116] Deputy judges provide the Chief Justice of the Federal Court with the flexibility to add judicial resources where circumstances require. Consequently, the recent use of deputy judges has helped the Court minimize its backlog with some 20 percent of its full-time judges engaged in the post September 11, 2001, protracted ministerial certificate litigation.

[117] The applicant relies on statutory interpretation to support his position that deputy judges are Federal Court judges and therefore subject to the mandatory retirement provisions in subsection 8(2) of the Federal Courts Act.

[118] During the hearing of this motion, the applicant asserted that a superior court judge who retires at an age younger than 75 nonetheless continues to hold office until the mandatory age of retirement. In his view, this retired judge continues to be a member of the superior court from which he resigned. He made these statements in support of his statutory interpretation of subsections 10(1.1) and (2).

[119] As I understand his argument, the applicant maintains that the discretion given to the Chief Justice of the Federal Court in subsection 10(1.1) to ask “any person who has held office as a judge of a superior … court” to act as a deputy judge is limited by the words in subsection 10(2): “No request may be made … to a judge of a superior … court…without the consent of the chief justice … of the court of which he or she is a member”.

[120] From this premise, the applicant draws two conclusions.

[121] First, in his view, the judge who opts for early retirement continues to be a member of the court from which he has retired.

[122] This position is, in my respectful view, not sustainable. The judge who chooses to retire, according to the provisions of the Judges Act or for whatever other reason, creates a vacancy on the court in question and is replaced in due course by the Governor in Council in a manner consistent with the Court’s judicial complement. Simply put, a superior court judge who resigns or retires no longer holds office.

[123] Second, he argues that since superior court judges cease to hold office at 75, and are therefore no longer members of a superior court, the wording of subsection 10(2) would preclude judges over 75 from being asked to act as deputy judges.

[124] This second argument also fails to withstand scrutiny. The applicant ignores the plain wording of subsection 10(1.1) which permits the Chief Justice, subject only to subsection 10(3), to request the assistance of “any judge of a superior … court in Canada, and any person who has held office as a judge of a superior … court”. Persons over 75 who have held office as judges of superior courts are not excluded by the language used in subsection 10(1.1).

[125] I therefore reject the applicant’s interpretation of subsection 10(1.1) and conclude that it envisages two categories of deputy judges: current and former judges. This is set out in the respondent’s written submissions:

The first group comprises any judge of the superior, district or county courts in Canada.... Section 99 of the Constitution Act, 1867 clearly applies to provincial superior courts. Therefore, proposed deputy judges who are active members of a provincial superior court will necessarily be under 75.

The second group comprises “any person who has held office as a judge of a superior, county or district court”. Parliament is presumed to have intended to mean something different in using the words “has held office”. If the intent was only to include the group of sitting superior court judges these additional words would not have been included. The plain meaning of the section is to provide the deputy judges also may be requested from among retired former members of provincial superior courts. Those who have held office, but are retired, will not necessarily be under 75 years of age. [Footnotes omitted.]

[126] It is the second category of deputy judge, one who “has held office” or has retired as a judge of any superior court in Canada (including the Federal Court) and, in particular, one in that category who is over 75 years of age that is of concern in this proceeding.

[127] The respondent’s submissions on the distinction between the status of a deputy judge and a judge of the Federal Court are stated succinctly and are ones which I endorse:

That status of deputy judges is distinct from that of judges of the court is evident not only from the history of s. 10, but also from the terms of the regime which presently governs their assignment. Deputy judges do not hold office but act as judges of the court, having the powers of a judge of the court while acting. They are not included in the composition of the court. Rather they are only deputy judges for the duration of their assignment. This is recognized in their exclusion from the definition of “judge” in the Judges Act.

Had Parliament intended deputy judges have the same status as “judges” of the Federal Court, the FCA and the Judges Act could have been drafted to expressly include them as judges of the court and to refer to them as such in s. 10(1.1). The fact that Parliament chose different language is a clear signal that this is not the case and that s. 8(2) does not apply to deputy judges.

There is no need and therefore no requirement that deputy judges reside in the National Capital Region, unlike judges of the court who are required to do so. This accords with the purpose of s. 10 because it furthers the efficient administration of the court to have deputy judges readily available in localities where the court sits. The salary payable to deputy judges is prescribed within s. 10 itself and is not governed by the Judges Act as is the case for all federally-appointed judges. However, the salary is set at rates fixed by the Judges Act with appropriate and necessary qualifications. [Footnotes omitted.]

[128] In the applicant’s submission, the inclusion of subsection 10(1.1) in the section of the Federal Courts Act entitled “The Judges” leads to the conclusion that deputy judges are judges of the Federal Court. I disagree.

[129] There is no legislative definition of “deputy judge”. The definitions of “judge” in the former Federal Court Act and in the Judges Act do not include the term “deputy judge”. The Judges Act defines a “judge” as including: “a chief justice, senior associate chief justice, associate chief justice, supernumerary judge, senior judge and regional senior judge.”[61] In both statutes, the definition of “judge” is inclusive.

[130] The use of the term “including” in a definition or enumeration may have more than one purpose. It may be used to add “specifics that would not ordinarily be included in the general term” thereby ensuring that items which may not be obviously included in the definition are identified as belonging.[62] It may be for this reason that the definition of “judge” specifically identifies offices other than that of a puisne judge.

[131] Contrary to the applicant’s submission, the sections concerning “The Judges” support the view that a “deputy judge” is not a judge for the purpose of the Judges Act or within the meaning of the Federal Courts Act.

[132] Section 5.1 [as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 16] of the Federal Courts Act defines “the constitution” or composition of the Federal Court.

[133] The judicial complement of the Federal Court consists of its Chief Justice and 32 other judges. There exists an equal number of additional offices for supernumerary judges. In addition, every judge of the Federal Court of Appeal is an ex officio judge of the Federal Court.

[134] Section 5.1 makes no mention of deputy judges in the composition of the Court. The provision defines the Court’s complement as consisting of 33 judges, including the Chief Justice. The latter has no power to increase the number of judges who hold office. That authority resides with Parliament.

[135] Subsection 10(1.1) does not define a deputy judge as a Federal Court judge. It authorizes a deputy judge, upon the request of the Chief Justice, to act as a judge of the Federal Court. The provision further stipulates that a deputy judge, while so acting, has all the powers of a judge of the Federal Court. It does not create another office of judge. A deputy judge acts as a judge of the Federal Court. The deputy judge does not hold the office of a judge of the Federal Court within the meaning of section 5.1 or section 8.

[136] Finally, the applicant raised the assignment power given to the Chief Justice in subsection 15(2) [as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 23] of the Federal Courts Act.[63] If, he argued, deputy judges are not judges then subsection 15(2) does not apply to them.

[137] Unlike the full time and supernumerary judges of the Federal Court, deputy judges no longer hold office and are no longer under the scheduling authority of the Chief Justice. The deputy judge must choose to accept the Chief Justice’s request to act. The deputy judge is asked to accept assignments from the Chief Justice and may refuse to do so. Unlike the situation with judges who hold office, this is a consensual process.

[138] When a deputy judge chooses to act, the Chief Justice is required, as in other cases, to make: “all arrangements that may be necessary or proper for the holding of courts” envisaged in subsection 15(2). Section 15 does not support the applicant’s position.

[139] Based on a common sense and contextual reading of sections 5.1, 8 and 10 of the Federal Courts Act, I conclude that deputy judges do not hold the “office” of judge of the Federal Court. They are not appointed by the Governor in Council by letters patent under the Great Seal pursuant to section 5.2. They are not subject to the residency requirement of a judge of the Federal Court under section 7 [as am. idem, s. 17; 2006, c. 11, s. 22(E)]. Their salary is governed by subsection 10(4) and not by the Judges Act, except by way of reference in that subsection. They are asked to act from time to time by the Chief Justice.

[140] In summary, the power to ask a retired superior court judge to act as a deputy judge is not constrained by the mandatory retirement age set out in subsection 8(2) or by the wording of subsection 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act. The Chief Justice of the Federal Court may request an eligible person over 75 years of age to act as a deputy judge.

[141] The Honourable Mark MacGuigan, then a parliamentarian and later a judge of the Federal Court of Canada—Appeal Division, understood that a person beyond 75 years of age could be requested to act as a deputy judge:

Mr. MacGuigan: …

The device of allowing the better judges to come back beyond the mandatory retirement age has been a very successful one in the United States. Some judges there in their eighties are performing well. It seems to me that this is the kind of judgment which a Chief Justice could make if there is sufficient demand. … Just because a man feels he no longer wants to sit everyday and retires is no reason why, if his faculties are still there and he is highly regarded by those administering the court, he could not be called back occasionally to do additional jobs.[64]

[142] The decision in Addy is the only one brought to the Court’s attention with a substantive reference to the age of Federal Court deputy judges. Deputy Judge Grant, in his obiter comments, was of the view that a deputy judge was not subject to a statutory retirement age:

There is no limit in the Act as to the age of such a deputy judge. This fact is cited as a discrimination against the judges of all the courts. However, a person called to act as a deputy judge has no right to act as a judge until invited to do so by the Chief Justice of the Federal Court. He may accept such invitation or decline it. If he chooses to preside over the case, he ceases to be a deputy judge when he completes that assignment. He therefore has no tenure of office and his participation in trials in the Federal Court is not comparable to that of Federal Court judges nor relevant to the issues herein.[65]

[143] The scheme set out in section 10 is internally consistent and unambiguous. The Chief Justice may request the temporary assistance of sitting superior court judges, with the approval of their chief justice; or, superior court judges who have ceased to hold office. Judges who have “ceased to hold office” include those who have reached the mandatory retirement age of 75. This is consonant with the comments made by the Honourable Mark MacGuigan and Deputy Judge Campbell Grant and with the practice of the Federal Court of Canada over the past 30 years.

[144] In reaching this conclusion, I have taken into account two issues which were not canvassed by the Court or the parties during the hearing of the motion.

[145] Neither party made submissions concerning sections 5, 8 and 9 of the Exchequer Court Act, as those provisions read in the 1927 [R.S.C. 1927, c. 34] and 1952 Revised Statutes of Canada [R.S.C. 1952, c. 98].

[146] It was in 1927 that a mandatory retirement age of 75 years was first set out in section 9 of the Exchequer Court Act. For the reasons I have mentioned above, a deputy judge of that earlier period, like today’s deputy judge, did not hold office as a puisne judge of the Court. Consequently, section 9 of the Exchequer Court Act, like subsection 8(2) of the current Federal Courts Act, did not affect deputy judges.

[147] Moreover, the retirement age inserted into section 9 was a limitation and not a qualification. That limitation could not be one of the “qualifications for appointment hereinbefore mentioned” referred to in sections 5 and 8. I conclude that section 9 did not prohibit a person older than 75 from acting as a deputy judge of the Exchequer Court.[66]

[148] In any event, section 8 was repealed and replaced in 1968. The amended section 8 used words similar to those found in subsection 10(1) of the Federal Court Act and subsection 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act to describe the eligibility requirements of deputy judges.

[149] Today, those requirements are found in subsections 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act which makes no reference to section 5.3 [as enacted by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 16] concerning the qualifications for a Federal Court judge or to subsection 8(2) concerning the cessation of office.

[150] A second issue that neither party raised is whether the English and French versions of subsections 8(2) and 10(1.1) may have different meanings as the result of amendments made to them.

[151] The amendments to the French version of subsection 8(2), if they do give rise to a meaning different from the plain meaning of the English versions, were made as part of the 1985 statute revision process[67] and cannot be taken to change the meaning or application of the law.[68] In the event of an inconsistency between a consolidated statute and the original Act, the original statute prevails to the extent of the inconsistency.[69]

[152] Thus, the current French version of subsection 8(2) which uses the language of “la limide d’âge pour l’exercice de la charge de juge” is to be interpreted in a manner consistent with the former French version of that provision which reflects the intent of Parliament. The pre-1985 French version of subsection 8(2) provided: “Un juge de la Cour cesse d’occuper son poste” mirroring the current English version which has remained substantially unchanged for over 70 years.

[153] This interpretation is consonant with the intent of Parliament as made evident in section 7 of the Act to amend the Judges Act, the Federal Court Act and the Tax Court of Canada Act, S.C. 1987, c. 21 which used the pre-1985 wording of subsection 8(2).[70] That wording is also substantially similar to the French version of subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867.

[154] In summary, the English version of subsection 8(2), which mirrors subsection 99(2), has remained substantially unchanged since its inception in 1927. Prior to the 1985 revision, there was no material change to the French version, which also mirrored subsection 99(2). Nothing, in my review of the legislative history of subsection 8(2), has convinced me that the 1985 revision of the French version of subsection 8(2) by a three person Statute Revision Commission was intended to alter the state of the law as it was expressed by Parliament for over 50 years.[71]

[155] Indeed, the unchanging nature of the English version over such an extended period of time, and its similarity to subsection 99(2), would, in any event, lead me to conclude that the English version of the provision more clearly expresses the intent of Parliament.

[156] I would apply the same rationale and principles of statutory interpretation to the language differences in subsection 10(1.1).

[157] The English version of subsection 10(1.1) has remained substantially the same since 1970.[72] The reference to “has held office” has been constant throughout and parallels the language in subsection 99(2).

[158] From 1968 until 1985, the French language version referred to “toute personne qui a occupé [un] poste de juge”. In 1985, the phrase is shortened to: “juges, actuels ou anciens” which I find conveys the same idea in a more concise manner. I find no material change in the meaning of the 1970 French version of subsection 10(1) and the 1985 version of that same provision.

[159] In conclusion, given the substantially unchanged English versions of subsections 8(2) and 10(1.1) over time, the wording of subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867, and the limited authority of the Statute Revision Commission, I attribute no intent, on the part of Parliament, to change the meaning of the law when the wording of the French-language versions of subsections 8(2) and 10(1.1) was amended.

[160] I therefore answer the second of the two principal questions raised in this motion as follows: subsection 8(2) of the Federal Courts Act does not preclude a person over 75 years of age from acting as a deputy judge of the Federal Court. This conclusion is consistent with the principles of statutory interpretation, with the limited legislative history and the obiter statement of Deputy Judge Grant in Addy. There is no conflict between subsections 8(2) and 10(1.1).

[161] Parliament amended section 8 of the Federal Court Act in 1987 in response to the Charter issues raised in the Addy decision. Parliamentarians would have been aware of the view expressed in Deputy Judge Campbell Grant’s decision that there was no age limit for the deputy judges. Despite this, Parliament did not see fit to impose an age limit on deputy judges.

[162] The applicant also raised issues of constitutionalism, federalism and rule of law which he limited, in oral argument, to a separation of powers issue. In making his oral submissions on the separation of powers doctrine the applicant did not challenge the independence, institutional or individual, of deputy judges.[73]

[163] In brief, he asserted that the appointment of a deputy judge over the age of 75 by the Chief Justice offends the constitutional requirement that judges be appointed solely by the executive branch of governance and is thus contrary to the separation of powers doctrine.

[164] However, he maintained that this issue does not arise where the judge has not yet attained 75 years of age since, according to the applicant, a judge under 75 does not cease to hold office even if that judge has resigned or retired.

[165] As noted above, I reject the applicant’s assertion that a superior court judge does not cease to hold office in any circumstances before reaching 75, apart from removal in accordance with subsection 99(1) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Put simply, judges who retire or resign cease to hold office.

[166] Nor do I find that subsection 10(1.1) offends the doctrine of the separation of powers. The Chief Justice is not “appointing” a judge to the Federal Court. In his capacity as the administrative judge, whose primary interest is the proper administration of justice and of the Court, the Chief Justice is asking a current or former judge to “act as a judge of the Federal Court” pursuant to a general authorization by the executive branch of governance. These experienced jurists may choose to assist the Court or may decline the request.

[167] Moreover, the mechanism which permits the Chief Justice of the Federal Court to ask individuals to act as deputy judges is constrained by two requirements. First, the eligibility of individuals is limited by subsection 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act to a Canadian superior, county or district court judge or a person who has held such office. Second, the request may only be made with the approval of the Governor in Council which is found in the blanket authorization set out in Order in Council P.C. 2003-1779.

[168] I therefore reject the applicant’s assertion that subsection 10(1.1) offends the doctrine of separation of powers.

Miscellaneous issues

[169] The applicant also submits that the Governor in Council was under a positive obligation to seek clarification of the issue raised in this motion pursuant to section 53 of the Supreme Court Act once Parliament responded to the Addy decision by amending subsection 8(2) of the Federal Court Act in 1987.

[170] I adopt the position taken by the respondent that the use of the word “may” in section 53 gives the Governor in Council discretion. I find that nothing, in the circumstances of this matter, obliges the Governor in Council to refer a question to the Supreme Court of Canada.

[171] The applicant further submits that sections 72 [as am. by S.C. 2002, c. 8, s. 194] to 74 of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act[74] preclude a deputy judge from hearing his application if deputy judges do not hold office as “judges” of the Federal Court.

[172] This assertion cannot be sustained. Subsection 10(1.1) gives a deputy judge all the powers of a judge of the Federal Court. The determination of matters enumerated in sections 72 to 74 of IRPA is one of the powers of a judge of the Federal Court. To interpret subsection 10(1.1) otherwise would result in a legislative absurdity.

Certification

[173] In this interlocutory motion, the applicant has challenged the jurisdiction of a deputy judge over 75 years of age to preside over the hearing of two related applications for judicial review under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. The applicant challenges the two decisions refusing the relief he sought for humanitarian and compassionate consideration and for pre-removal risk assessment.

[174] The Court and both parties agreed at the outset of the hearing that this interlocutory judgment should be subject to appellate review. The procedural issue before me is whether any appeal should be as of right under section 27 [as am. idem, s. 34] of the Federal Courts Act or subject to the certification process under paragraph 74(d) of the immigration legislation.

[175] In my view, the certification of a serious question is not necessary. The motion before me is a “separate, divisible judicial act” with respect to the application for judicial review: Charkaoui (Re), 2004 FCA 421, [2005] 2 F.C.R. 299, at paragraph 48; and Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Tobiass, [1997] 3 S.C.R. 391, at paragraph 60 and following. Either party may appeal this interlocutory judgment pursuant to section 27 of the Federal Courts Act without the necessity of a certified question.

[176] However, as I indicated during the hearing, if I am wrong on this point and paragraph 74(d) of IRPA is applicable to this judgment, I am prepared to certify a serious question, substantially in the language suggested by the parties:

(a) Does subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 apply to deputy judges of the Federal Court?

(b) Are deputy judges, acting pursuant to subsection 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act, subject to the cessation of office provision in subsection 8(2)?

Costs

[177] The respondent has not sought costs on this interlocutory motion. As the losing party, the applicant would normally have no right to costs.

[178] The applicant was prepared to proceed with the underlying application for judicial review before a full time or supernumerary judge of the Court. However, the jurisdictional issue he raised was also invoked by a significant number of other applicants in immigration matters upon the Court’s disclosure of the issue. Consequently, it was in the interests of the administration of justice to have the issue of age concerning deputy judges clarified through adjudication.

[179] For this reason, despite the result of the motion, I have chosen to exercise my discretion under paragraph 400(3)(o) of the Federal Courts Rules [SOR/98-106, r. 1 (as am. by SOR/2004-283, s. 2)] and award costs to the applicant in the amount of $6 000. If I am wrong in my view that the Federal Courts Immigration and Refugee Protection Rules, SOR/93-22 [as am. by SOR/2005-339, s. 1], do not apply to this motion, which I have characterized earlier as a “separate, divisible judicial act”, I would award costs, pursuant to rule 22 [as am. by SOR/2002-232, s. 11], for the same “special reasons” and in the same amount.

[180] As I have just suggested, this jurisdictional motion has been in the nature of public interest litigation. I wish to acknowledge the cooperation of counsel for both parties in assuring its timely adjudication. The Attorney General of Canada filed two volumes of informative legislative history concerning the Federal Court and its predecessor courts. I am grateful to those responsible for assembling this material on short notice.

ORDER

THIS COURT ORDERS that:

1. The applicant’s motion is dismissed;

2. In the event I am wrong in my view that this motion is a “separate, divisible judicial act” not subject to paragraph 74(d) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, the following question, with its two aspects, is certified:

(a) Does subsection 99(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867 apply to deputy judges of the Federal Court?

(b) Are deputy judges, acting pursuant to subsection 10(1.1) of the Federal Courts Act, subject to the cessation of office provision in subsection 8(2)?

3. The respondent will pay costs to the applicant in the amount of $6 000, in any event of the cause.

4. A copy of this order and reasons for order shall be placed in file IMM-1087-09.

ANNEX 1

P.C. 2003-1779

November 6, 2003

PRIVY COUNCIL • CONSEIL PRIVÉ

Whereas, by Order in Council P.C. 1973-6/1953 of July 10, 1973, the Governor in Council approved that the Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Canada make requests to any judge of a superior, county or district court in Canada and any person who was held office as such a judge to act as a deputy judge of the Federal Court of Canada up to a maximum of twenty persons acting in that capacity;

Whereas the Courts Administration Service Act, which came into force on July 2, 2003, amended the Federal Court Act by continuing the Appeal and Trial Divisions of the Federal Court of Canada as two separate courts under the names “Federal Court of Appeal” and “Federal Court” and by replacing the provisions of that Act relating to deputy judges;

Therefore, Her Excellency the Governor General in Council, on the recommendation of the Minister of Justice, hereby

(a) repeals Order in Council P.C. 1973-6/1953 of July 10, 1973;

(b) pursuant to subsections 10(1) and (3) of the Federal Courts Act,

(i) approves that the Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Appeal make requests to any judge of a superior, county or district court in Canada and any person who has held office as such a judge to act as a deputy judge of the Federal Court of Appeal, and

(ii) limits to five the number of persons who may act in that capacity; and

(c) pursuant to subsections 10(1.1) and (3) of the Federal Courts Act,

(i) approves that the Chief Justice of the Federal Court make requests to any judge of a superior, county or district court in Canada and any person who has held office as such a judge to act as a deputy judge of the Federal Court, and

(ii) limits to fifteen the number of persons who may act in that capacity.

CERTIFIED TO BE A TRUE COPY-COPIE

CERTIFIÉE CONFORME

CLERK OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL-LE GREFFIER DU

CONSEIL PRIVÉ

ANNEX 2

Relevant extracts of the Constitution Act, 1867:

Subjects of exclusive Provincial Legislation	92. In each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws in relation to Matters coming within the Classes of Subjects next hereinafter enumerated; that is to say, — … 14. The Administration of Justice in the Province, including the Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of Provincial Courts, both of Civil and of Criminal Jurisdiction, and including Procedure in Civil Matters in those Courts. … VII. Judicature
Appointment of Judges	96. The Governor General shall appoint the Judges of the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province, except those of the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
Selection of Judges in Ontario, etc.	97. Until the laws relative to Property and Civil Rights in Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and the Procedure of the Courts in those Provinces, are made uniform, the Judges of the Courts of those Provinces appointed by the Governor General shall be selected from the respective Bars of those Provinces.
Selection of Judges in Quebec	98. The Judges of the Courts of Quebec shall be selected from the Bar of that Province.
Tenure of office of Judges	99. (1) Subject to subsection two of this section, the Judges of the Superior Courts shall hold office during good behaviour, but shall be removable by the Governor General on Address of the Senate and House of Commons.
Termination at age 75	(2) A Judge of a Superior Court, whether appointed before or after the coming into force of this section, shall cease to hold office upon attaining the age of seventy-five years, or upon the coming into force of this section if at that time he has already attained that age.
Salaries, etc., of Judges	100. The Salaries, Allowances, and Pensions of the Judges of the Superior, District, and County Courts (except the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick), and of the Admiralty Courts in Cases where the Judges thereof are for the Time being paid by Salary, shall be fixed and provided by the Parliament of Canada.
General Court of Appeal, etc.	101. The Parliament of Canada may, notwithstanding anything in this Act, from Time to Time provide for the Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of a General Court of Appeal for Canada, and for the Establishment of any additional Courts for the better Administration of the Laws of Canada.
	…
Continuance of existing Laws, Courts, Officers, etc.	129. Except as otherwise provided by this Act, all Laws in force in Canada, Nova Scotia, or New Brunswick at the Union, and all Courts of Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction, and all legal Commissions, Powers, and Authorities, and all Officers, Judicial, Administrative, and Ministerial, existing therein at the Union, shall continue in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick respectively, as if the Union had not been made; subject nevertheless (except with respect to such as are enacted by or exist under Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland), to be repealed, abolished, or altered by the Parliament of Canada, or by the Legislature of the respective Province, according to the Authority of the Parliament or of that Legislature under this Act.

ANNEX 3

Relevant provisions of the Federal Courts Act, R.S.C., 1985, c. F-7:

Constitution of Federal Court	5.1 (1) The Federal Court consists of a chief justice called the Chief Justice of the Federal Court, who is the president of the Federal Court, and 32 other judges.
Supernumerary judges	(2) For each office of judge of the Federal Court, there is an additional office of supernumerary judge that a judge of the Federal Court may elect under the Judges Act to hold.
Additional office of judge	(3) For the office of Chief Justice of the Federal Court, there is an additional office of judge that the Chief Justice may elect under the Judges Act to hold.
Judges of Federal Court of Appeal	(4) Every judge of the Federal Court of Appeal is, by virtue of that office, a judge of the Federal Court and has all the jurisdiction, power and authority of a judge of the Federal Court.
Appointment of judges	5.2 The judges of the Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court are to be appointed by the Governor in Council by letters patent under the Great Seal.
Who may be appointed judge	5.3 A person may be appointed a judge of the Federal Court of Appeal or the Federal Court if the person (a) is or has been a judge of a superior, county or district court in Canada; (b) is or has been a barrister or advocate of at least 10 years standing at the bar of any province; or (c) has, for at least 10 years, (i) been a barrister or advocate at the bar of any province, and (ii) after becoming a barrister or advocate at the bar of any province, exercised powers and performed duties and functions of a judicial nature on a full-time basis in respect of a position held under a law of Canada or a province.        …
Tenure of office	8. (1) Subject to subsection (2), the judges of the Federal Court of Appeal and the Federal Court hold office during good behaviour, but are removable by the Governor General on address of the Senate and House of Commons.
Cessation of office	(2) A judge of the Federal Court of Appeal or the Federal Court ceases to hold office on becoming 75 years old.
Transitional	(3) A judge who holds office on March 1, 1987 may retire at the age of seventy years. … 10. (1) …
Deputy judges of the Federal Court of Appeal	(1.1) Subject to subsection (3), any judge of a superior, county or district court in Canada, and any person who has held office as a judge of a superior, county or district court in Canada, may, at the request of the Chief Justice of the Federal Court made with the approval of the Governor in Council, act as a judge of the Federal Court, and while so acting has all the powers of a judge of that court and shall be referred to as a deputy judge of that court.
Consent required	(2) No request may be made under subsection (1) or (1.1) to a judge of a superior, county or district court in a province without the consent of the chief justice or chief judge of the court of which he or she is a member, or of the attorney general of the province.
Approval of Governor in Council	(3) The Governor in Council may approve the making of requests under subsection (1) or (1.1) in general terms or for particular periods or purposes, and may limit the number of persons who may act under this section.
Salary of deputy judge	(4) A person who acts as a judge of a court under subsection (1) or (1.1) shall be paid a salary for the period that the judge acts, at the rate fixed by the Judges Act for a judge of the court other than the Chief Justice of the court, less any amount otherwise payable to him or her under that Act in respect of that period, and shall also be paid the travel allowances that a judge is entitled to be paid under the Judges Act. …
Sittings of the Federal Court	15. (1) Subject to the Rules, any judge of the Federal Court may sit and act at any time and at any place in Canada for the transaction of the business of the court or any part of it and, when a judge so sits or acts, the judge constitutes the court.
Arrangement to be made by Chief Justice of the Federal Court	(2) Subject to the Rules, the Chief Justice of the Federal Court shall make all arrangements that may be necessary or proper for the holding of courts, or otherwise for the transaction of business of the Federal Court, and the arrangements from time to time of judges to hold the courts or to transact that business.
Hearings in different places	(3) The trial or hearing of any matter in the Federal Court may, by order of that court, take place partly at one place and partly at another.

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